Or it could be your personal outlook or viewpoint.Įxample: Jaime did some research on feminist philosophy to better understand feminism. It could be a philosophy on how to organize societies, as with political philosophy. More generally, the word philosophy means any set of beliefs or values. In a related sense, the word philosophy is used to refer to the specific doctrines or schools of thought of a person who studies philosophy, such as Plato and Socrates, two famous ancient Greek philosophers. Philosophy is divided into the three branches of natural philosophy (nature and the natural world), moral philosophy (morals and ethics), and metaphysical philosophy (the nature of existence and origins of the universe). It often analyzes difficult and ultimately unanswerable topics, such as the meaning of life, the morals and ethics of humanity, and what it means to be human. Philosophy is a complex, abstract field of science. The word philosophy is also used to mean a specific doctrine based on such investigation, as in I wrote my term paper on the philosophy of Plato.Īnd philosophy is used more generally to mean a set of beliefs or an outlook, as in My philosophy on life is to be kind to everyone. Robert Morrissey, Stendhal: Julien Sorel in the Footsteps of Napoleon, 15.Philosophy is a field of science that investigates reality and human existence, as in I am currently studying philosophy in college. David Martyn, The Temper of Exemplarity: Werther’s Horse, 14. Christiane Frey, Bacon’s Bee: the Physiognomy of the Singular, 13. Peter Goodrich, The Exampleless Example: Of the Infinite Particularities of Early Modern Common Law, 12. McCormick, Machiavelli’s Agathocles: From Criminal Example to Princely Exemplum, III. Clifford Ando, Exemplum, Analogy, and Precedent in Roman Law, 10. Melanie Möller, Exemplum and Exceptio: Building Blocks for a Rhetorical Theory of the Exceptional Case, 9. Matthew Roller, Between Unique and Typical: Senecan Exempla in a List, 8. At issue are the singularia in what one might call an extra-logical sense: the singulars that can be described while the attempt to subsume them is held in abeyancethat have yet to be categorized or logically subordinated as so many singularities or particularities. Rebecca Langlands, Roman Exemplarity: Mediating between General and Particular, 7. Anselm Haverkamp, Equivalence Unbalanced – Metaphor, Case, and Example – from Aristotle to Derrida, 5. Hans Lipps, Instance, Example, Case, and the Relationship of the Legal Case to the Law, 3. The Practice of Theory: A Historical Reminder, 2. Introduction: Michèle Lowrie and Susanne Lüdemann, I. Tracing the role of exemplarity from Rome through to its influence on the fields of literature, politics, philosophy, psychoanalysis and law, it shows how Roman exemplarity has subsisted, not only as a figure of thought, but also as an alternative way to organize and to transmit knowledge.ġ. This book reveals the limits of this understanding. It is commonly supposed that, with the shift from pre-modern to modern ways of thinking – as modern knowledge came to privilege abstraction over exempla, the general over the particular – exemplarity lost its way. Their pragmatic approach results in a conceptualization of politics, social organization, philosophy, and law that is derived from the concrete. But the practice of exemplarity is historically rooted firmly in ancient Roman rhetoric, oratory, literature, and law – genres that also secured its transmission. Much intellectual history takes ancient Greece as a point of departure. This book pursues a strand in the history of thought – ranging from codified statutes to looser social expectations – that uses particulars, more specifically examples, to produce norms.
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